I don't understand how higher interest rates can work

I don't understand how higher interest rates can work

Real Estate Agent · Ball Ground, GA · Member since 2016 · 8 posts · 0 votes

I like to buy and hold single family homes for rental.  I have a strategy that has been working very well for me.  Of course, conventional financing is becoming increasingly difficult.  I've seen other financing methods, but the numbers don't seem to work for me. Yet, there must be a way to make them work, or they wouldn't be out there.  

I would greatly appreciate some well thought out advice to help expand my understanding from my current position to a position where this other financing might work.

To begin with, here's what I've been very successful at -- at least in my opinion.  I'm north of Atlanta Ga, and the numbers all work here.  I have spoken to my work associates near Washington DC, and my numbers do not work there.

I purchase a nice nearly move-in ready for something between $120K and $140K, sometimes a little less or more. I put down 20% or 25%. My mortgage PITI ends up between $700 and $800. Rent was $1100 but rates have gone up and they're all at least $1200. (The over $140K are 4BR and rent for more. The rest are 3BR.) This gives me roughly $400/month in rent above PITI. I earn a lot at my day job, so I pay my handyman to do all the maintenance. Because the properties are only 10 to 15 years old and were in nearly move-in ready condition, maintenance costs have been down below $500/year each. Overall, after depreciation protects most of the income, I have been earning about $4000/property after tax. I'm very happy with this.

For metro Atlanta suburbs, this rent level seems a sweet spot.  Qualified applicants are I believe upper middle class and tend to take care of the property and pay their rent on time.  This is in stark contrast to a quad I had in the past that rented for $700.  They also stay for many years.  For a new property or turnover, it only takes a week or two to get a well qualified new tenant who then turns out to be indeed good.

Regarding the $4000/property after tax, earlier purchased properties with $25K cost are returning 16% cash on cash, and if I include principle pay down, my ROI well exceeds 20%. Later purchased properties with $37K cost are still making 10% cash on cash with total ROI also approaching 20%. I definitely feel this is much better than I can get in the stock market, and these numbers tend to auto-adjust to inflation, which the stock market does not. Take the example in point of rents already rising from $1100 to $1200.

Within all of this, a very important factor is the interest rate.  I have interest rates varying from 5.125% to 4.75%.  The higher earlier rate was before property values/costs went up, and the lower later rate was after they started going up.  So all the properties wash out to roughly the same profitability.

Note that I don't want to purchase properties that require any rehab first, because all that does is increase my investment, decrease my leverage, and therefore decrease my cash-on-cash and ROI.

SO NOW I CONSIDER OTHER FINANCING.  But if the interest rate is 2% higher, and the mortgage is 75% of a $140K property, then my first year interest is $2100.  That's more than half of my $4000/year profit.  Maybe there's some funny math with carry-over losses due to depreciation exceeding returns, and later superior after-tax earnings if we assume inflation, but I just don't like the idea of my investment money suddenly only going half as far.

So, how can this other financing with higher interest rates work?  Are other folks happy with half the rate of return?  Or is there some aspect that I don't understand?  (Being leveraged, my risk level seems fine, having reserves elsewhere.  My mortgages are only 60% of my current rent, plus I have more than 6 months mortgage in reserve, so aside from the risk from deflation, I believe I'm pretty well protected.)

I could bring up the net per house by investing more, by either greater down payment or cheaper house with rehab.  But that simply dilutes my return as well.  And another thing, all my houses are in cookie cutter neighborhoods with all nice houses.  The stability is good for medium to long term.  Tenants are good.  Etc.  It wall works very nicely.  The rehab houses I've looked into are all in older neighborhoods with less certain near term stability.  And I believe on-going maintenance will be higher as well.

So, once again, what am I missing, if anything?

Thanks very much,
Helmut

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Investor · Warsaw, IN · Member since 2012 · 61 posts · 36 votes
10y

I will elaborate on what @Steve Vaughan said with an example. I purchased a Duplex for $154,000 with a 2.75% interest rate. The taxes are ~4k a year so my overall PITI is $1147/mo and the total monthly rent is $1950. Now with rates hovering around 4.875% you would have to purchase the property around $120k to receive the same return. So if a buyer were looking for the same return their value of the property would be less than what it was when I bought it due to their cost of capital. The same holds true for owner occupant buyers. With a lower interest rate a family can afford a 230k house with a $1000/mo payment as interest rates rise that $1000/mo will pay for a cheaper house due to the extra interest.

There are ways to shield yourself from this a little.  The first being purchase value add properties.  If you intend to buy and hold you will have less money in the deal than a close to retail purchase and so your return will be higher, and if you intend to sell in the near term you won't have to worry about increasing interest rates eroding all your equity.

This is my first time through the real estate cycle as I've only been investing since 2012 but there are currently 3 exact same duplexes for sale near mine and I would not pay $154500 for them today.  I would still make money at that price but I can make more elsewhere. Hope this helped.

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  • Wasilla, AK · Member since 2015 · 28 posts · 5 votes
    10y

    All very good questions/concerns. If you can't find houses that need rehab in your stable neighborhoods where you can earn equity through the rehab and eventual finance process with the portfolio lending rates, it seems your other choice would be to look outside your current investing areas for greater rent/cost returns. 

    Just my $.02 based on the formula you outline 

  • Rental Property Investor · East Wenatchee, WA · Member since 2014 · 10k+ posts · 16k+ votes
    10y

    Congrats on your success so far @Helmut Forren! Indeed, if rates increased 2%, many of us would be struggling.  80% of what we worry about doesn't happen.  If interest rates increase almost 50%, valuations will probably come down to help offset.  Supply and demand. I used to buy in a 6.5% rate environment just fine because of the lower price points.

    @Jeff Bentz- the OP does NOT seek property that needs rehab.  Just pointing that out.  Cheers! 

  • Investor · Cleveland, OH · Member since 2015 · 6k+ posts · 2k+ votes
    10y

    @Helmut Forren, higher interest rates do work - for LENDERS!

    Your Lender is looking at those same cookie cutter houses, that they lend out 75% of their value for in return for 4%/y, earning their Borrowers DOUBLE that without a sweat being raised. What do you think your Lender is going to do about that? Yes, that's right, they put their hand up for a larger piece of the pie! 

    Did you think they wouldn't notice?...

  • Investor · Warsaw, IN · Member since 2012 · 61 posts · 36 votes
    10y

    I will elaborate on what @Steve Vaughan said with an example. I purchased a Duplex for $154,000 with a 2.75% interest rate. The taxes are ~4k a year so my overall PITI is $1147/mo and the total monthly rent is $1950. Now with rates hovering around 4.875% you would have to purchase the property around $120k to receive the same return. So if a buyer were looking for the same return their value of the property would be less than what it was when I bought it due to their cost of capital. The same holds true for owner occupant buyers. With a lower interest rate a family can afford a 230k house with a $1000/mo payment as interest rates rise that $1000/mo will pay for a cheaper house due to the extra interest.

    There are ways to shield yourself from this a little.  The first being purchase value add properties.  If you intend to buy and hold you will have less money in the deal than a close to retail purchase and so your return will be higher, and if you intend to sell in the near term you won't have to worry about increasing interest rates eroding all your equity.

    This is my first time through the real estate cycle as I've only been investing since 2012 but there are currently 3 exact same duplexes for sale near mine and I would not pay $154500 for them today.  I would still make money at that price but I can make more elsewhere. Hope this helped.

  • Real Estate Agent · Ball Ground, GA · Member since 2016 · 8 posts · 0 votes
    10y

    How do I cause @Jeff Benz to highlight as I see you guys replying?

    Jeff:

    I may need to re-read what you wrote several times, but I don't understand.  I'll try to describe, but could you otherwise please clarify?  I understand "earn equity", but I don't want to necessarily earn equity.  I want to earn a return.  I was about to write that if I spend $20K in rehab to increase my equity 20%, then it doesn't help.  Perhaps you mean I need to spend $20K in rehab to increase my equity 30% or 40%.  That would be "earn equity". Please confirm or correct.  And, nope, I haven't seen that but can keep a new eye out for it. That would then need to be followed by non-conventional refi, so that the equity can be re-leveraged.  Otherwise, net worth on the books is worthless without increased revenue to go with it, and revenue won't increase if it's still just the same single unit rental.

    Otherwise, can you please give me a real world example of anything with greater rent/cost returns?  I've thought about commercial retail, but oh my God I see far too many empty retail locations to think the risk isn't simply huge.

    Steve:

    You're right I'm not interested in rehab, but only cuz I don't see the leverage working.  However, if I can earn equity and non-conventional refi in order to purchase more, I might change my mind.  Otherwise, again, you're correct I'm not interested in rehab.

    Otherwise, are you in fact agreeing with me?  Please clarify or correct.  Note that I'm getting fixed 30yr mortgages, so it's not a question of rates going up on my existing holdings.  However, it's true that I have a great fear of not earning enough fast enough and regular conforming rates rising too high for my sweet spot for new purchases.  It may stagnate prices which have been rising, but I doubt (hope for other economy reasons?) it won't lower them.

    So, my bottom line is about intentionally increasing rates by going to non-conventional lenders.  (In case I'm using the wrong term, by non-conventional I mean not Fannie Mae backed or sell-able.)

    Brent:

    I'm an engineer by trade, so sometimes I need things spelled out more exactly. 

    There's a little ambiguity in what you wrote, but I think you mean to say that the non-conventional lenders, charging for example 2% more interest as I described, are doing so to get a larger piece of the pie.  That in turn, leaves less for me.

    You seem to be agreeing with me that the numbers don't work as well for the non-conventional lenders.  Please confirm or correct.  Thanks.

    Summary:

    Well, it seems like all three of you may have, in part, confirmed what I said.  The numbers don't work as well with those non-conventional interest rates.  Are other folks using those rates simply satisfied with the lower return?  Or are they "earning equity" by getting great discounts without too much rehab cost (but I've done that analysis and don't like the result, for either numbers reasons or neighborhood reasons or lip stick on a pig reasons).

    Where or where might I go, possibly totally different, where those higher interest rates work?

  • Investor · San Diego, CA · Member since 2013 · 64 posts · 25 votes
    10y

    @Helmut Forren  Type in the @ and then beginning of the name a small box will appear below the chat box, click the name.

    Force appreciation. It is what is much of the investing part is.

    Buy a place, rehab, and the cost of rehab is less than the equity appreciation for example.

    I bought a house in CA and spent 210k.  I put in a new roof, redid the floors, painted, did yard work, window treatments, removed asbestos in the garage.

    I had the place reappraised it was now worth 335k.  I spent 15k in rehab.

    Now.  I had a loan with a piti at 1258.  The rent for the place in the area is 1850.

    That is the basis, simply.

    Pricing and interest.  I know some older investors here have actual experience. 

    But if you look at:

    http://www.fhfa.gov/DataTools/Downloads/pages/hous...

    There is a database of pricing through history of 74? or so.

    Cross reference with interest rates.

    Economically though.  As interest rates rise, if housing prices do not fall, then the monthly price will go up, and people will be 'priced out' of the market.  Now they only have three choices. Make more money, find a bigger down payment, or rent.

    With higher cost per month to buy houses more people rent. Rents go up.  Our 'spread' is covered in that equation.

    So as interest rates rise, and houses become more expensive monthly less people can afford.  They keep renting at a higher rate.

    Of course there are tons of other macro economic issues on these balances that can really through things out of whack but I think that is the nutshell.

    Now.  North Atlanta is a different market than CA.,  and different than my last GA property.  I was able to purchase that at 200k, put in 20k, and now I collect rents of 2600 per month.

    Much better spread on my 1300 PITI.

    The investing will always be there, but you may have to work harder, dig deeper, and be more selective when your borrowing rates change.

    I remember one investor from a bit back that had a 10/10/10/ strategy.  Not sure what all three are but one 10 was less than 10% interest rate.  So there will always be a way. (This person was not a guru and I saw him speak in the last two years in San diego, so I know he is active, but I forgot his name)

    Hope that helps some.

    EDIT.

    John Schaub

    http://www.profitadvisors.com/house.shtml

  • Professional · San Diego, CA · Member since 2014 · 232 posts · 20 votes
    10y

    @Darnell Kramer good point of reference link thanks!

  • Daniel DietzPro Member
    Rental Property Investor · Reedsburg, WI · Member since 2011 · 1k+ posts · 857 votes
    10y

    Sounds like a great discussion going on here with some great points of looking at things from slightly different angles. 

    I would urge you to take a look at the online calulators both here at BP, and I also like the one at http://www.dinkytown.com/java/InvestmentProperty.h... ... it looks at things in slightly different terms than the one here at BP - in particular I like to look at what the "average rate of return over the life span" is (I look at it over the years of the loan). 

    It is interesting how we are all in such different markets. I am in fairly rural Wisconsin. A lot of the 'old school investors' use the '1% rule' meaning if they buy a duplex for 150K and get 1500 month total rent there are doing pretty good. Many of them are either content with low but safe returns, or looking for somewhere to park their cash from selling the farm etc... 

    My approach has been to wait for 'great buys' by being patient (these deals are fewer as the economy picks up). We got one duplex which was older but tons of recent updates that was assessed at 130K for 78K at an estate auction (50K of instant equity) and the rents on that 78K purchase bring in about 1400 month, getting to around a 1.75% per month rent ratio. This makes a HUGE difference when looking at long  term returns. My other current property is a completely rehabbed 3/2 that we got for 72K and it brings in 975 month with renters doing all grass/snow work. Other houses in our area that bring in those kinds of rents often for for 90-100K +. 

    So to me, the answer IF what you are looking for is the highest returns in percentage terms is BUYING right, more than interest rates. Of course, all of our markets are different.

    Take Care, Dan Dietz

  • Roy N.Pro Member
    Rental Property Investor · Fredericton, New Brunswick · Member since 2013 · 7k+ posts · 4k+ votes
    10y

    If interest rates climb, real estate prices will {eventually} retract {relatively}, but life will go on.  People built houses and apartment buildings in the 1970s and 1980s; tenants rented them and other people bought them.   The interest rate on my first mortgage was in the high teens, we survived and the property today is long paid off and worth more than double its original purchase price.

    The U.S.A. and Canada have experience cheap money over the past decade which has contributed to an increase in real estate prices:  So what if you pay an extra 40K to get that duplex, the interest rate is only 2.5% (up here anyway) ... it's only another $180/month.

    There are a lot of folks who have been buying property with the implied premise that the Prime rate would remain below 4% when the historical norm has been somewhat higher.  Some of these businesses will not work if their cost of capital returns to a 6 - 8% range.   

    We are at a place where probability indicates interest rates only have one direction to go {thought the BoC surprised us twice last year with to 0.15% drops in the overnight rate}.  When you analyse your deals, model how the property will work if your cost of capital were 8% ... if it can carry itself, then it is a deal where you can enjoy the current low rate and not loose sleep when they start to climb.

  • Real Estate Agent · Ball Ground, GA · Member since 2016 · 8 posts · 0 votes
    10y

    @Daniel Dietz thanks for the forum usage advice.  As you can see, it works for me now.

    @Roy N. your 1% rule is the same as the 100 GRM rule of thumb. (Gross Rent Multiplier) I have two houses where the GRM at purchase was less than 100 (better), and a number of others where it was greater than 100. The numbers work up to about 118, given, of course, the recent low interest rates.

    @Darnell Kramer I've looked for exactly that of which you speak, where the final value is noticeably more than the repair cost, but I haven't found any. I do understand that math and I'll continue looking. Combine that with GRM rule of thumb and it's indeed a way to buy and hold, as I prefer.

    On the other hand, the one flip I did, I spent 3 months and made $450.  My biggest problem was that I fixed the property too well.  Years prior, I saw Ga Real Estate Investors group/club members selling houses they had fixed, and they had bad foundations not repaired and other bad structure just painted over.  These were pigs with lipstick added.  So I knew I didn't want to buy those, as they would cost far too much in future repairs, and/or rent for less and less over time as they deteriorated.  Now, admittedly, there was a big gap between my poor flip and these pigs with lipstick.  That gap certainly has room for some nice houses and nice deals.  I've looked for those and not found them.  I can look further.

    Of course, until which time my current model can't move forward anymore, due to interest rates or 10 property limit or something else, it probably still returns at least as well if not better than the earned equity method, and also with much less effort.  Nevertheless, when that time does come, I've learned from all of you a little more about the alternative landscape.

    DARNELL (the @ trick won't work twice), about that Ga rental at $2600. Is that single family or multi-family? For metro Atlanta, I assume the highest rent in the state, there are SFR rents that high, but that's really high and the marketplace will be much smaller. Also, it's tougher to get close to 100GRM (although you suggest 85, although I believe there's a time gap between purchase and today's rent, and so your GRM was probably higher at the time of purchase). Now I did have a quad that rented for $2800. But the $700/unit rent was, for lack of any other way to say it, attractive only to a lower class of tenant. The GRM was under 100, but the tenants turned over far too rapidly (higher average vacancy rate) and the property was older (higher maintenance cost), and the tenants damaged the property as well (yet higher maintenance cost, note broken window syndrome). In the end, this property seemed better on paper than my current SFR's, but was in fact much more hassle and less profitable.

    Thanks again to all,

    Helmut.

  • Roy N.Pro Member
    Rental Property Investor · Fredericton, New Brunswick · Member since 2013 · 7k+ posts · 4k+ votes
    10y
    Originally posted by :

    thanks for the forum usage advice.  As you can see, it works for me now.

    @Roy N. your 1% rule is the same as the 100 GRM rule of thumb. (Gross Rent Multiplier) I have two houses where the GRM at purchase was less than 100 (better), and a number of others where it was greater than 100. The numbers work up to about 118, given, of course, the recent low interest rates.

     Helmut:

    I assure you, I do not use the so called 1%, 2%, etc rules of thumb when analyzing a property ... nor do I put excessive credence in GRM, CAP, CoC or any of the single point-in-time ratios in isolation. You need real data (as much as you can extract) and a thorough discounted cash-flow analysis as a minimum before you ink a cheque.

    My only reference to percentages in this thread was indicating you should analyse your deals with historical debt service interest rates {since we are in an environment where rates are more probable to rise} to see if they still stand on their own.

  • Real Estate Agent · Ball Ground, GA · Member since 2016 · 8 posts · 0 votes
    10y
    Originally posted by @Roy N.:
    ...
    My only reference to percentages in this thread was indicating you should analyse your deals with historical debt service interest rates {since we are in an environment where rates are more probable to rise} to see if they still stand on their own.

    Roy, by the way, your words sound like I offended you, and I definitely didn't intend to do so.  I apologize if I did offend you in some way.

    Otherwise, I'm missing a point from you.  Specifically, for a single property, I'm doing a fixed interest loan, so future mortgage interest rates don't matter.  I look at neighborhood stability and schools.  Many years in the future, there may be a consideration of refi interest rates for cash out (although not Fannie Mae, having more than 4).  But otherwise, I don't understand why you're focusing on past and future interest rates.  Yes, they will cause fluctuations in rent.  But there's also inflation.  So if the property works today, and rents do nothing but go up, then it will work tomorrow.  The only uncontrollable risk factor is net rent deflation, which is both very unlikely and impossible to predict.  

    I'm an engineer by trade and deal most often with hard data.  Perhaps if you gave an example of why you're focusing on historical debt service interest rates...

    Also, I don't rely solely on GRM, either. I do a full amortization estimate. I look at depreciation. I look at after tax income. I also consider opportunity cost of doing something now and then again later, rather than only later.

  • Roy N.Pro Member
    Rental Property Investor · Fredericton, New Brunswick · Member since 2013 · 7k+ posts · 4k+ votes
    10y

    @Helmut Forren

    I'm not that sensitive, let alone fragile, so do not be worried about offending me.

    My original post had nothing to do with GRM, the 1% rule, or any of that. My intention was to highlight that we've been in a prolonged period of very cheap capital and that it is looking more and more probably that going to come to an end and the cost of capital will begin to move back towards historic averages.

    I do realize that in the U.S.A. residential mortgages are predominately fixed-rate, fixed-term where the term equals the amortization.  Based upon my limited experience with real estate  financing in other countries (4), this is an anomoly and it is more common to find mortgage terms that are a fraction of the amortization - requiring that the mortgage be renewed/refinanced at least once.

    Even if you were to lock-in a residential mortgage at these low rates, you should count on your future opportunity cost of capital (i.e. major CAPEx expenditures) to increase and build your financing and operation model accordingly.

  • Investor · San Diego, CA · Member since 2013 · 64 posts · 25 votes
    10y

    The 2600 a month is multi.  it is in a decent area, and it has some deferred maintenance.

    The going rate per unit should be around 800, and I will be fixing the units and moving into the higher rents.

    I agree, in the city I am in now there are only 3 games in town and they are all perfume on a pig properties.

    Since I have a 12 hour a day job, I too do not have the time to find those really nicer properties.  I have to find good enough, hold longer term, and now 10 years later getting ready to do another 1031, into better cash flow. 

    I actually rented for a while during 04-07 because with my time frame(and the market) I could not find a place to buy, live in, and rehab that made numbers sense.  Sometimes micro and macro economic trends need to be observed.  

    As to 2800 a month in rent.  I think there are some properties that bring that, and tons more, but I am not in the high end luxury rental market.

  • Real Estate Agent · Ball Ground, GA · Member since 2016 · 8 posts · 0 votes
    10y

    @Darnell Kramer so about your quad in Georgia, presumably renting for $650 each, total $2600, with deferred maintenance.  I had one in Sugar Hill / Buford.  Built in 1967.  Similar rent.  Far too much maintenance.  Far too much tenant turnover.  Far too much damage by tenants.  Far too non-liquid -- it took me two years to sell it.

    I sold that and changed to single family homes.  $1100 rent in 2013.  Higher class of tenant.  15 years old or younger buildings requiring less maintenance.  Move in ready.  Takes 20 minutes to 10 days to rent.  (Yes, one tenant moving truck beat me to the house as I drove from closing attorney to house.)

    On paper, the quad earned $8000/year cash flow. In reality, it earned half that and took a lot of hassle time. In reality, the SFR's now have earned over $4000/year cash flow each. I spend perhaps 8 hours finding a new tenant. Then I spend perhaps 8 hours per year on the property after that. No hassle hardly at all.

    Nothing like TV and movies where you get a midnight call to unstop the toilet. I did get late night calls about the quad, to get the kids truck un-stuck from the back yard where he progressively slipped on wet grass and was messing up the septic field, which was already at functional risk for the old property. I did have quad tenants break the toilet tank lid and stick plastic flowers in it, jamming and causing a month long toilet leak. I ended up on the hook for the $400 water bill. (Two of the apartments shared a meter, so I had to re-bill.) I did have an SFR blow a pipe in winter, but that's the worst emergency I've had in two years. Also, of course, I pay my $25/hr handyman who earns a fraction of what I earn at my engineering day job.

    @ALL In addition, I won't spend the time writing it all, but I'll just mention what I figured out during sleepless nights.  All else being the same, with 5% conventional 30yr fixed financing, any rehab would only break even if rehab cost was around half or less the price discount.  To date, most I've found were 1-to-1.  Nevertheless, it may be possible to find some where (phrased upside down) the rehab cost doubled it's money in equity value.

    But then, if I introduce 7% alternate financing, everything breaks.  The rehab would have to be less than a quarter of the discount.  Rephrased, the rehab money needs to return four times its cost in increased equity.  That's going to be very difficult, and then only breaks even with 5% conventional move-in ready.  So, for sure, I need to exhaust my ability to get 5% conventional move-in ready.

    The only way the 7% seems to work is if you have a dramatically higher LTV. But I calculated a 97.5% LTV in my head, and it led to negative cash flow. So, at first I thought that as the investment fell, you'd get a divide-by-zero kind of explosion in the cash on cash rate of return. However, I think cash flow goes to negative before the investment goes to zero. So that makes a negative explosion of cash on cash return! Of course, when numbers get real small like that, variability destroys the analysis. That is, even if you earn $100 on a $1 investment and seem to have a 10000% return, there is far more than $100 uncertainty in your return, so that analysis is meaningless.

    Oh, in reverse, I'll point out that I'm a short-timer mentality eager to exit the rat race.  As soon as I have enough yearly cash flow, I want to semi-retire.  This means cash-on-cash return is my primary concern.  In detail, I mean investment cash vs yearly cash flow.  Yearly cash flow becomes reasonably reliable retirement income.  Investment cash requirement tells me how many more years I have to work at my high paying high stress engineering job.  Fifteen years down the road is too far for me to see in my crystal ball.  As long as we don't have deflation, my income should grow with inflation.  In fact, it should grow faster than inflation.  (A lesson I learned about taxes one time.  Imagine you have 80% deductions from taxes.  You only pay the tax rate on 20% of your income.  Now imagine your income increases 10%.  But now, using the prior denominator, you now pay tax on 30% of your prior income.  So, your taxes rise 50%.  Yes, a 10% increase in income leads to a 50% increase in taxes and many sleepless nights in April.  Brought to this subject, my cash flow corresponds to rent less about 72% debt service and maintenance.  So the cash flow is about 28% of the rent.  If rent goes up 10%, that's as if cash flow goes up to 38% of the rent, roughly.  That's a 36% increase in cash flow for a 10% increase in rent.  NICE!  Of course, a 10% deflation in rent corresponds roughly to 36% decrease in cash flow.  OUCH!)

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