The DSCR Stack: 70% senior loan + 30% seller financing — how the numbers work

The DSCR Stack: 70% senior loan + 30% seller financing — how the numbers work

Real Estate Agent · Tampa Bay · Member since 2026 · 22 posts · 2 votes

I have been working through a structure I call the DSCR Stack, and I wanted to share the numbers because the math is what makes it interesting.

It is two layers. About 70% senior financing — a DSCR loan — and about 30% seller financing. On a $265,000 example: the senior layer is $185,500 and the seller carries $79,500.

The seller layer in this example is 6% interest-only for 5 years. That is $4,770 a year, $397.50 a month, and the $79,500 principal is still owed at the end as a balloon.

From the seller side: $185,500 at closing, minus 5% closing costs ($13,250), is $172,250 cash at closing. Add the $23,850 of interest over 60 months and the $79,500 principal, and the projected total is $275,600. Projected, not guaranteed — and it assumes no existing mortgage payoff.

The parts that matter as much as the math: the senior lender has to know about the subordinate financing. Subject-to means the title can move while the mortgage stays in the seller's name, and the seller can stay personally liable, with due-on-sale risk. A land trust holds title but it does not remove the liability or stop a due-on-sale call, and there is no guaranteed 30-day recovery. The protection package is a clear note, a recorded security interest with the right priority, an independent payment servicer, and counsel on both sides. And the $79,500 balloon in year 5 needs a real plan — what if rates rise, value falls, or rent comes in lower?

I recorded a 15-minute walkthrough of this exact example. If you want it, send me a message here and I will share it.

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  • Noah WrightBusiness Member
    USA, Nationwide · Member since 2024 · 421 posts · 140 votes
    1d

    Flagging the balloon is the right instinct, it's the part of a seller carry that usually breaks a deal. The best fix goes into the note before closing: an extension option at a set rate, so a bad refi market in year 5 doesn't force a sale. Then look at the exit math. The senior and seller layers together are the full $265,000, so one refinance only clears both if the value has grown or the seller note has been paid down. Most DSCR lenders cap cash-out around 75 percent LTV, and the new, bigger payment still has to pass the DSCR test on whatever the rent is then. Many DSCR loans also carry a prepay penalty, so check when it burns off against the balloon date. A plan is only as good as the worst year you tested it against.

    • Real Estate Agent · Tampa Bay · Member since 2026 · 22 posts · 2 votes
      1h

      Noah, that's a fair push, and you're right that the balloon is where this lives or dies. The extension option point is a good one — if I were structuring one of these, I'd want the extension written into the note up front, at a set rate and fee, not negotiated in year five when the seller has the leverage.

      On the exit math: a refi has to clear two hurdles — the cash-out LTV cap and the DSCR test on the new, bigger payment, at whatever the rent is then. And a prepay penalty on the senior loan can quietly eat the savings. That's exactly why the seller layer has to be priced like the risk it is, not like free money. Appreciate the add — it makes the thread better.

  • Lender · Indianapolis · Member since 2025 · 26 posts · 7 votes
    16h

    The math looks fun on paper, but almost no DSCR lender will actually allow a 30% seller second behind them. Most institutional DSCR programs cap combined LTV around 75% to 80% if they allow subordinate financing at all, meaning you still have to bring real skin in the game. On top of that, any lender that permits a second lien will count that payment against your property's cash flow, which usually tanks your DSCR ratio anyway.

    • Real Estate Agent · Tampa Bay · Member since 2026 · 22 posts · 2 votes
      1h

      Sagi, you're right, and it's the most important caveat on the whole structure. Most institutional DSCR programs either prohibit subordinate financing outright or cap the combined LTV well below where a 70/30 stack lands. This was never an institutional product — where I've seen it work is portfolio lenders and private money who will knowingly take a first behind a disclosed second, and even then the second's payment has to be inside the DSCR math from day one. If the deal only passes the ratio test by pretending the second isn't there, it doesn't pass.

      Your last line is the discipline: the senior lender's written blessing before a dollar goes to appraisals or underwriting. A stack that surprises the senior lender isn't creative — it's a default waiting for a date.

  • Chris ColtonPro Member
    Investor · San Antonio, TX · Member since 2026 · 125 posts · 51 votes
    15h

    Josh, the balloon in year 5 is the part I'd be staring at. Sagi's right that most senior lenders won't leave room for a 30% second, and Noah's right that it gets messy if it's not set up clean before closing.

    What I've learned looking at seller-financed deals here in San Antonio is the paper after closing is what makes the note real or not. If that seller note isn't on third-party servicing from day one, with a clean payment ledger, it's hard to prove what it's worth when that balloon comes due. I wrote more on this here: https://www.biggerpockets.com/member-blogs/16509/107158-the-paper-trail-is-the-value-why-every-note-i-create-goes-on-third-pa

    Still learning this side of it myself, but that's the piece I'd want nailed down before I got excited about the numbers.

  • James JonesPro Member
    Investor · Collierville, TN 38017 · Member since 2017 · 1k+ posts · 713 votes
    9h

    I keep DSCR simple, because the rent has to carry the loan on its own. I underwrite DSCR at 70 to 80% LTV, and I check the 1% rule before I get excited about a structure. On my Memphis single-family BRRRR deals, that means buying under $100K, an ARV of $180K to $265K, and Section 8 rents of $1,395 to $1,950 for 3 bedrooms or more. A 70% senior loan plus a 30% seller second only works if the senior lender knows about it, allows it, and the combined payment still passes DSCR on the real rent. A 5-year balloon is the part that worries me. If the rent, the refinance, or the sale is not there in year 5, you own a problem, not a deal. Run the numbers with the balloon payment included, not just the interest-only payment, and walk away if it does not clear.

  • Chris SeveneyBusiness Member
    Moderator
    Investor · VA · Member since 2015 · 21k+ posts · 19k+ votes
    1h

    I agree with your points. It would be extremely difficult to find a DSCR loan that cash flows with 100% financing. I also want to add: with 100% financing, you may not be able to pay the balloon in 5 years.

    People got spoiled over the last several years with how much real estate was appreciating, but when it goes back to its traditional 1% to 3% appreciation rates (which it definitely will over the next several years), it will be stagnant or have very little appreciation. When you come to year 5 and you have to account for all the closing costs, are you even going to be able to liquidate the asset?

    This is a topic many people forget about. Just because you can get 100% financing doesn't mean it's always a good thing to have, because leverage reduces flexibility.

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  • Real Estate Agent · Tampa Bay · Member since 2026 · 22 posts · 2 votes
    46m

    Chris, those are the right questions — the paper is where this is won or lost. How it should look:

    Recorded, always. The seller's note gets a recorded mortgage behind the senior loan. An unrecorded second is a handshake, and handshakes don't survive a refinance or a dispute.

    Serviced by a third party, ideally. A servicer keeps clean payment records, sends the tax forms, and produces a payoff statement when the balloon comes due. It also keeps the relationship businesslike when a payment is late.

    If the seller sells the note, nothing changes for the borrower — same terms, same payment, new holder — as long as the note is assignable, which most are unless it says otherwise. The recorded mortgage is what protects the position through any transfer.

    Taxes and insurance: the note has to name who escrows and who proves payment. If the senior servicer doesn't escrow, a good second holder requires proof taxes and insurance are current — a tax lien jumps ahead of both loans, so it's the one bill nobody can afford to let slide.

    You're asking exactly what a buyer should ask before signing one of these, not after.

  • Real Estate Agent · Tampa Bay · Member since 2026 · 22 posts · 2 votes
    44m

    James, agreed — and your order of operations is the right one. Rent first, honest ARV second, structure last. Most people shop for a structure and then go hunting for a property it can rescue.

    A 70/30 stack on a property with an inflated ARV doesn't fix the deal; it just finances the mistake at two different rates. If the rent doesn't carry the property on its own, no split of the financing makes it carry. Simple is a feature here, not a limitation.

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