1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 are deductible against rental income
#6. Vacancy loss is not a deduction. It is an allowance most investors use in their cash flow analysis when considering a prospective purchase. There is no deduction for rent you did not receive. Instead, you just pay tax on the actual net rental income.
#7. The cost of improvements is a normally capital expense that increases your tax basis. The increase in tax basis does increase your depreciation deduction, but the cost of improvements is not typically deducted. There are exceptions for low cost replacement items, but the general rule is capitalize then depreciate.
The value of the dwelling structure can be depreciated, but not the land. Your depreciation basis is determined by your purchase price. If your county tax assessor has allocated 75% of the property's value to the dwelling structure (improvements) and 25% to the land, then your depreciation basis will be 75% of your purchase price over 27.5 years.